NOXA
noxa (nok-s[schwa]), n. [Latin ¡°injury¡±] Hist.1. Roman law. A harm done or an offense committed such as injury to a person or property, esp. by a slave or son. ? This gave rise to noxal liability.
2. Roman law. The obligation to pay for damage committed by a son, slave, or animal. ? The father or owner generally had to pay damages or else surrender the tortfeasor offending person or animal to the injured party (noxal surrender). ¡ª Also termed noxal liability. See NOXAL ACTION.
3. An offense, generally.
4. The punishment for an offense.
5. Something that exerts a harmful effect on the body.
How do bilingual lawyers in China usually translate the term NOXA?